Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Proposal - Essay Example nces or the spectators have changed significantly in this present day context as compared to previous years with the growing expertise in worldwide film industry. It can be affirmed that promotion is regarded as an effective marketing tool, which assists in generating greater awareness of the products and/or services within customers’ mind. While making effective planning for the promotional concept of the movie â€Å"Star Wars†, it can be affirmed that ‘Lucasfilm’ launched the teaser trailer online for its upcoming movie â€Å"Star Wars: The Force Awakens†, which will hit the theatres on Dec’2015. The trailer is merely of 90 seconds duration and presents only the finest glances of a motion picture that the audiences might not see for more than a year. The Star Wars trailer set an instant wave of armchair comments and online study, which comprised a series of explanations and criticisms about the trailer. The movie is quite likely to be prefer red by young generation people having inclination towards science-fiction genre. It is in this context that attracting upper-middle class and suburban women shall become a challenge for the movie, as this particular group is likely to prefer watching family or comedy genre films. However, to attract this particular customer group, the marketing group of Star Wars may take the assistance of word-of-mouth promotional technique apart from the traditional approaches of media advertisements. Setting up Google alerts to track a gist of relevant links to be shared among audiences on social websites might prove to be quite beneficial, as most of the suburban and upper middle class women are nowadays accustomed with the use of online media promotions (Fischoff, Antonio and Lewis, â€Å"â€Å"Favorite Films and Film Genres as a Function of Race, Age, and Gender†). Specially mentioning, as internet has become one of the most preferred tools for the consumers in finding out information about any subject matter, the online media may

Chemical dependency Essay Example for Free

Chemical dependency Essay Group Structure: Type of group: This meeting was a â€Å"Narcotics Anonymous Open Sharing Meeting†. This component, where anyone attending had the opportunity to share. There was no direct feedback from the other participants during the â€Å"share†, thus only one person spoke at any given time during that portion of the meeting. Organizational affiliation: Narcotics Anonymous as a group has no affiliation outside of Narcotics Anonymous. As a group they have no opinion on outside issues,† including those of politics, science, or medicine, and do not endorse any outside organization or institution. The fellowship does not promote itself, but rather attracts new members through public information and outreach. Narcotics Anonymous groups and areas supply outside organizations with factual information regarding the Narcotics Anonymous program, and individual members may carry the Narcotics Anonymous message to hospitals and institutions, such as treatment centers and jails. Narcotics Anonymous as a group base their public relations policy on attraction rather than promotion. Physical environment: This meeting was held in the recreation room in the basement of a church. There was an oblong table at the head of the two rows of chairs placed in a 360 degree circle. Participants: There were roughly 40-50 participants ranging in age from mid teens to late 50’s. There were only 5 females in attendance. This group’s ethnicity was about 85% Caucasian, 10% African American and 5% Latino. Leadership structure: In different areas the work is divided differently, and the particular jobs are sometimes called different names. At this particular meeting the leadership structure was as follows, ranking from top to bottom in hierarchy. Chairperson, Co-Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer and Group service representative (GSR). Process: What the group does for a person’s first visit? First time visitors and newcomers to this meeting were asked to introduce themselves by first name only. These individuals were welcomed by all the participants at the meeting. These individuals were given a hand shake, a hug and a white key tag (by a presenter) that said welcome on one side and on the other side had the Narcotics Anonymous logo. How members’ contribute to the group’s leadership? Members who attend the same meeting on a regular basis to establish a recovery network and reliable routine understand this to be their â€Å"Home Group†. These group members are able to participate in the group’s business, and play an important role in deciding how the structure, leadership and the group’s meetings will be conducted. Each member has a vote in this process and the majority vote rules. Activities that occurred during the meeting. There were no physical activities during this meeting but certain individuals read inserts from the â€Å"Basic Text Book† of Narcotics Anonymous pertaining to that week’s format and agenda. Address the following questions: How did the group begin? The group began by the Chairperson knocking on the table to gain every ones attention, then announcing them self, followed by stating the name of this group (Dead Man Walking) then reciting the Serenity Prayer. How was the purpose of the meeting communicated? The purpose of the meeting was indicated by preamble which was read by the Chairperson also by the reading of the secretary’s report, which was read by the C-Chairperson, this stated the purpose of the meeting and the rules in which the participants were required to oblige by. How was the meeting’s agenda established? The agenda varies in whatever way seems to best suit the personality of the group and the needs of the addicts in the community. This meeting’s agenda and format was established by the governing members (from the Home Group) and varies from week to week but was mostly based on the 12 Steps and 12 Traditions of Narcotics Anonymous. Techniques used to encourage people to participate. It was announced to all those attending the meeting that participation was optional. What extent were these techniques effective. There was no pressure on anyone which made the atmosphere very comfortable. What are participants’ responsibilities for the meeting process? Anonymity of the group’s participants and process were the main responsibilities from all those attending and keeping the sharing time between 3-5 minutes and not interrupting the person who was talking. How were these responsibilities explained? These responsibilities were explained to the group in detail during the reading of the secretary’s report. How did the group demonstrate interest, acceptance, etc. in those attending? The participants showed interest by paying close attention to the individual who was sharing and when those who shared finished, everyone in the group (at one time) thanked that person for sharing their story. What emotions were observed? There were a couple of times when an individual who was telling their story began to cry. Other times there was some laughter from the group when certain individuals identified their own story with the one the person was sharing. How did the participants respond to expressions of these emotions? The participants expressions showed true concern and empathy for those who were sharing their experience, strength and hope. Were there any decisions made for future events or meetings? It was stated in the secretary’s report that all meeting events and decisions are discussed and made during the group’s monthly business meeting. The business meeting for this group is held on the second Saturday of the month. Describe any observation of any therapeutic factors. The therapeutic value of one addict helping another gave each participant the feeling of acceptance and familiarity. There were a lot of similarities between the structure of an Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meeting. A major difference I witness at the Alcoholics Anonymous meeting from the Narcotics Anonymous meeting was, at the Narcotics Anonymous Meeting it was suggested that those who was sharing not to acknowledge or mention there drug use. At the Narcotics Anonymous meeting it was clearly stated that â€Å"Narcotics Anonymous does not distinguish a difference between substances, they are all inclusive, â€Å"Alcohol is a drug†. It was also stated at the Narcotics Anonymous meeting that anyone from the other fellowship (Alcoholics Anonymous) was accepted at this and all Narcotics Anonymous meetings.

Working With Special Populations

Working With Special Populations Spirduso et al. (2005) gives the definition of ageing as ‘ A process or group of processes occurring in living organisms that begins with birth and, with the passage of time, leads to a loss of adaptability, functional impairment and eventually death. Also Swain and Leutholtz (2002) define aging as a result in years of physical inactivity, and that much to do with the biological consequences of age is the sedentary lifestyles most aging people have. Those who remain physically active throughout life demonstrate much slower rates of physical decline than do the sedentary, and a growing body of research indicates that those who have been sedentary for many years can experience significant improvements by beginning an exercise programme even at very advanced ages (Fiatrone et al. 1990). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there is over 20 percent of the population in the United Kingdom over the age of 65 and by the year 2025 there is an overall projection that, that value will rise to almost as much as 30% of the population living in the united Kingdom to be over the age of 65 (Mcardle, Katch and Katch 2010). Research shows that when properly prescribed exercise, elderly people can significantly improve their aerobic power (Eshani 1987), muscular strength and size (Fiatrone et al. 1990; Frontera et al. 1988), and bone density (Dalsky 1989). Improvements in functional movements such as walking speed and stair climbing power have also been reported (Fiatrone et al. 1990). These results can reverse the effects of many years of physical decline and lead to greater independence and a much higher quality of life. More than half of elderly people have at least one disability or chronic condition, participation in a regular physical activity/exercise programme has many physiological health benefits including reducing the risk and lessening the impact of many chronic diseases (DiPietro, Caspersen and Ostfield 1995). Aging has numerous effects on organ systems in the body, effecting skeletal muscle, body composition, the cardiovascular system, the metabolic system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, energy expenditure and energy intake and also thermoregulation. These can all seem to be contraindications for exercising when elderly such as thermoregulation being affected this means there is a decreased ability to regulate body temperature when homeostasis is challenged; decreased amount of sweat per active sweat gland; reduced response to increased blood flow during exercise attributable to structure and response of cutenous blood vessels; inadequate ability to reduce splanchnic blood flow during exercise (Kenney 1997 and King, Martin 1998). In general, if an individual leads an active lifestyle it preserves and enhances skeletal muscle, strength and endurance, flexibility, cardio respiratory fitness and body composition for later life. Main Content Physiological Factors Cardiovascular Fitness + Training Since many elderly individuals have a low initial fitness level, it is prudent to begin exercise programmes at a low intensity and to progress gradually (Swain and Leutholtz 2002). Low cardiorespiratory fitness is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality (Blazer 1982). Low VO2 peak is associated with reduced ability to perform ADLs (activities of daily living) including climbing stairs and brisk walking (Birdt 1998). A small improvement in cardiovascular fitness is associated with lower risk of death. Healthy sedentary older men and women can increase their cardiorespiratory fitness by performing aerobic exercise training (Engels et al. 1998: Kuczmarski et al. 1994). Physical activities that the elderly population, should engage in are walking (indoors, outdoors, or treadmill), gardening, swimming (water aerobics), golf and cycling (White 1995). Combining strength with endurance training is also beneficial for the elderly individual. One study showed that after 6 months of combined resistance and endurance training, older healthy individuals increased their VO2 peak (11%) and their upper and lower body strength (Blazer 1982). The ability to carry out normal daily task such as carrying laundry, vacuuming and climbing stairs translated to carrying 14% more weight and moving 10% faster. Resistance Training Elderly individuals, including the oldest old and very frail elderly, demonstrate physiological adaptations to strength training (Kuczmarski et al. 1994). How much adaptation depends on the frequency, volume, mode, type of training and initial training state (Ferketich, Kirby and Alway 1998). Strength training has the potential to improve functional capacity and quality of life of the elderly person (Fiatrone et al. 1990). Most elderly individuals can participate in a resistance training programme that is individually designed. Those with hypertension or arthritis or at risk of osteoporotic fracture need to be assessed and evaluated by a physician prior to initiating resistance training programme (White 1995). A ACSM recommendation for the elderly that bears some scrutiny is the recommendation to use machines as apposed to free weights. Swain and Leutholtz (2002) evaluates that although it is true that machines require less skill, free weights have the advantage of teaching balance and greater neuromuscular control, which may be transferrable to real world activities. Furthermore they also talk about free weights being more superior by allowing the user to add small amount of weight onto their dumbbells i.e. 1kg whereas resistance machines normally have increments of 4.5kg or more which is a large leap when the user is frail, on the other hand ACSM realise that machines require less balance requirements and the risk of injury. Resistance training programmes lasting from 8 weeks to 1 year can increase muscle strength and mass in elderly, regardless of age and sex (Fiatrone et al. 1990). Psychological + Sociological Factors International Society of Sport Psychology (1992) states that â€Å"Individual psychological benefits of physical activity include: positive changes in self perceptions and well-being, improvement in self-confidence and awareness, positive changes in mood, relief of tension, relief of feelings such as depression and anxiety, influence on premenstrual tension, increased mental well-being, increased alertness and clear thinking, increased energy and ability to cope with daily activity, increased enjoyment of exercise and social contacts, and development of positive coping strategies.† Many older individuals do not have a spouse, close children or friends to rely on for socialization, assistance and support (Evans 1999). Although with age, social relationships may change from family to more formalized organizations or nonfamily members, many elderly live in social isolation and are very lonely. This is important because epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between social support and physical health (Evans 1999). To add on to this it has been show that in several studies, lack of social support is a major risk factor for depression, morbidity and mortality (Engels et al. 1998). Participation in an organized training session provides an excellent opportunity for interaction between other elderly people and when organising a session it is been seen to do all activities as in one whole group to get a more major interaction between participants (Evans 1999). Also another method which could be used to improve social interaction for the elderly participating in a exercise program could include a ‘buddy exercise system where individuals are matched up with similar ability to perform their exercises together. Exercise Recommendations Physical activity recommendations for the elderly are updated regularly by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM 2000). High intensity activities such as running, rowing, aerobic/gravity riders, and stair steppers may not be appropriate unless the individual has a rare high fitness level. Low to moderate intensity exercise programmes can be performed daily. Higher intensity exercise sessions (>70% heart rate reserve) should only be performed 3 to 5 days per week (ACSM 2000). This allows for recovery days, which are more important for the older adult than the younger person as elders recover slower. Older individuals with a low exercise capacity may benefit from multiple daily sessions of short duration, whereas the more capable individual can benefit from three sessions per week with exercise bouts performed once per day (ACSM 2000). Elderly individuals who are unable to perform ambulatory activities may be candidates to perform seated chair activities, stationary cycling and water activities. T ai chi is seen to be one of the best activities for elderly individuals to undertake as it improves strength and balance according to Dalsky (1989). For the healthy older individual, it is recommended that exercise be performed minimally for 30 minutes but not beyond an hour in duration. If an individual beginning an exercise programme is predominately sedentary, has severe chronic disease, or has a very low fitness level, a minimum of 30minutes of continuous activity may not be possible. Sessions of as little as 10 minutes two or three times a day is appropriate in this situation. Health benefits are still obtained this way (ACSM 2000). National and Regional Strategies Summary Physical activity of light to moderate intensity helps to improve health, whereas moderate to high intensity physical activity with an emphasis on aerobic endurance improves cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2) as well as health in older individuals. Elderly individuals demonstrate improvements during resistance training by increasing muscle mass and strength; this improves gait, balance, and overall functional capacity and bone health this staving off chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and improve overall quality of life. There are also psychological benefits associated with regular physical activity and exercise. Dr. Robert Butler, former director of the National Institute of Aging states ‘If exercise could be put in a bottle, it would be the strongest medicine money could buy In general the elderly person can improve physical and mental health by performing regular physical activity, and this should be encouraged by all medical and exercise professionals. Ultimately, regardless of age or level of frailty, nearly all elderly persons can derive some physiologic, functional or quality of life benefit from initiating an exercise programme. Training Sessions Mode Frequancy Itenisity Duration Special Considerations Aerobic Training Intensity Load Reference Page American College of Sports Medicine. (2000) ACSMs Guidlines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th Edition. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Birdt, T.A. (1998) Alzheimers disease and other primary dementia. In Harrisons principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw and Hill; pp. 2348-2356. Blazer, D.G. (1982) Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology; 115:684-694. Dalsky, G.P. (1989) The role of exercise in the prevention of osteoporosis. Comprehensive Therapy. 15(9):30-37. DiPietro L, Caspersen C.J., Ostfield A.M. (1995) A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. Medical Science Sports and Exercise; 25: 628-642. Engels, H.J., Drouin, J., Zhu, W., Kazmierski, J.F.(1998) Effects of low impact, moderate intensity exercise training with and without wrist weights on functional capacities and mood status on older adults. Gerontology: 44:239-244 Eshani, A.A. (1987). Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in the elderly. Journal of Applied Physiology. 46:1840-1843 Evans, W.J.(1999) Exercise Training Guidelines for The Elderly. Medical Science of Sport and Exercise; 31:12-17 Ferketich, A.M., Kirby, T.E., Alway, S.E. (1998) Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in elderly women. Acta Physiology Scandinavia; 259-267. Fiatarone, M.A., Marks E.C., Ryan N.D., Meredith C.N., Lipsitz L.A., Evans W.J. (1990) High intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Journal of American Medical Association. 263:3029-3034. Frontera, W.R., Meredith, C.N. OReilly, K.P. Knuttgen, H.G. Evans, W.J. (1988) Strength conditioning in older men: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64:1038-1044. International Society of Sport Psychology (1992). Physical activity and psychological benefits: International Society of Sport Psychology Position Statement. The Physician and Sports medicine, 20(10), 179-184. Keen, W.L. (1993) The older Athlete: Exercise in hot environments. Sports Science Exchange 6:44. King, A.C. and Martin, J.E. (1998) Physical Activity promotion: Adoption and Maintenance. American College of Sports Medicines Research Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins pp 564-569. Knutzen, K.M., Brilla, L.R. and Caine, D. (1999) Validity of 1RM prediction equations for older adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, 242-246. Kuczmarski, R.J., Flegal, K.M., Campbell, S.M., Johnson, C.L. (1994) Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. adults. Journal of American Medical Association; 272:205-211. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. and Katch V.I. (2010) Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy and Human Performance. 7th Edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Seguin, R. and Nelson, M.E. (2003) The benefits of strength training for older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25 (Suppl. 2), 141-149. Spirduso WW, Francis KL, MacRae PG (2005). Physical Dimensions of Ageing (2nd ed). Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, pp. 131-55. Swain, D.P and Leutholtz, B.C. (2002) Exercise Prescription: A case study approach to the ACSM Guidelines. Champaign: Human Kinetics. White, T.P. (1995) Skeletel muscle structure and function in older mammals. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Carmel: Cooper; pp.115-174.

Evaluating the Economy of Austria Essay -- Business Marketing Manageme

Evaluating the Economy of Austria   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995 Austria joined the European Union (EU), and in 1999 they joined the European Monetary Union. The use of a common currency the â€Å"Euro† has facilitated trade and promoted economic stability for U.S. companies to manage pricing, balance accounts, and move products into Austria and throughout the EU member nations (â€Å"globaledge†, 2003). An unfavorable exchange rate for U.S. exporters turned positive in 2003 making the U.S. able to compete on more favorable terms in the near future. Current economic reforms in Austria are increasing the attractiveness of foreign investment. There are several advantages to conducting business in Austria that will be particularly relevant in the year 2004. Austria is an international crossroads bordering on eight European countries which include Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Liechtenstein. Austria’s eastern neighbors, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Hungary will join the EU in May of 2004. The impact of this is that Austria will become more centrally located.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Austria’s market is well diversified and resilient. Government is seeking to remain competitive by pursuing investment in high potential industries such as telecommunications and electronics (â€Å"globaledge†, 2003). United States companies that are in the telecommunications and electronics industries have a great opportunity for exporting, joint venturing, and investment in Austria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. is Austria’s 3rd largest supplier of imports and largest trade partner outside of Europe (â€Å"CIA†, 2003). U.S. companies entering the market for the first time can benefit from the already established trade lines between the two countries. Austria’s market is highly competitive with high demands placed on quality, service, and price. This type of market is ideal for supporting the favorable reputation of high quality American made technological and electronic products. A US company would be able to compete with EU member nations products by exporting these products to Austria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  US companies looking to export products to Austria are able to employ the services of the Commercial Services of the United States Embassy in Vienna (CS Vienna) acquire the information necessary to begin its operations (â€Å"globaledge†, 2003). The following services would be offered to such compa... ... Austria’s market are very favorable to a US company that is looking to export goods. It is important to remember that while tariffs and value added taxes exist, most many goods do not have tariffs and consumers are willing to pay more for products that they see as inferior to all others. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately, Austria’s market is very appealing to US companies looking to export technology-based products. This is clear after examining several factors including: marketing and management forces, physical forces, economic and socioeconomic forces, and cultural forces. It is necessary that any company entering the Austrian market be familiar with the pros and cons of all of these forces. Additionally, there are a few key barriers which exist, including the potentially weak Austrian economy, the high tax burden, and new EU members. While these barriers may seem intimidating it is necessary that any US company seek out and employ all of the resources which are available, including the Commercial Services of the United States Embassy in Vienna. In conclusion, Austria appears to be an untapped gold mine for United States companies which are looking to export technological goods.

Beyond mass media

Mass media are inherently incompatible with a participatory society because of their mass character, not just because of government control or corporate influence. Mass media should be abandoned and replaced by participatory media organised as networks, such as telephone and computer networks. Los medios de comunicacion son inherentemente incompatibles con una sociedad participativa, debido a su caracter de masas, no solo por el control del gobierno o de la influencia corporativa. Los medios de comunicacion deben ser abandonados y sustituidos por los medios participativos organizados en redes, como el telefono y las redes informaticas. Complaints about the mass media are commonplace. To begin, there is the low quality of many of the programmes and articles. There is the regular portrayal of violence, given an attention out of proportion with its frequency in everyday life. – More generally, most of the mass media give much more attention to bad news–crime, deaths, disasters, wars, etc. –than to positive sides of the human condition. – The mass media frequently create unrealistic fears about criminals, foreign peoples and the like. Las denuncias de los medios de comunicacion son comunes. Para empezar, esta la baja calidad de muchos de los programas y articulos. No es la representacion ordinaria de la violencia, dada una atencion desproporcionada en relacion con su frecuencia en la vida cotidiana. -Mas en general, la mayoria de los medios de comunicacion dan mucha mas atencion a las malas noticias – la delincuencia, muertes, desastres, guerras, etc – que a los aspectos positivos de la condicion humana. -Los medios de comunicacion con frecuencia crean temores poco realistas sobre los criminales, los pueblos extranjeros y similares. â€Å"News† often is more like entertainment than information or education. -News reports, especially on television, are typically given WITHOUT much overt context. The latest events are described, but not what led up to them or caused them. The result is that consumers of the media learn a lot of facts but frequently don't understand how they fit together. â€Å"Context† is the result of the assumptions behind the facts, and this context is all the more powerful because it is neither st ated nor commented upon. â€Å"Noticias†, a menudo es mas como entretenimiento que la informacion o la educacion. -Los informes de prensa, sobre todo en la television, se suelen dar sin mucho contexto manifiesta. -Los ultimos acontecimientos se describen, pero no lo levaron a ellos o les causo. El resultado es que los consumidores de los medios de comunicacion aprenden mucho de los hechos, pero con frecuencia no entienden como encajan entre si. â€Å"Contexto† es el resultado de los supuestos detras de los hechos, y este contexto es aun mas potente, ya que no es ni afirmo ni comentado. Even the â€Å"facts† that are presented are often wrong or misleading. – Powerful groups, especially governments and large corporations, shape the news in a range of ways offering access to stories in exchange for favourable coverage, spreading disinformation, and threatening reprisals. Incluso los â€Å"hechos† que se presentan son a menudo erroneas o enganosas. – Los grupos poderosos, especialmente los gobiernos y las grandes corporaciones, forma la noticia en una gama de formas que ofrece acceso a las historias a cambio de una cobertura favorable, desinformar, y las represalias mortales. This argument suggests that reform of the media, although useful, should not be the goal. Instead, the aim should be to replace mass media by communication systems which are much more participatory. Este argumento sugiere que la reforma de los medios de comunicacion, aunque util, no debe ser la meta. En cambio, el objetivo debe ser la sustitucion de los medios de comunicacion mediante sistemas de comunicacion, que son mucho mas participativo. Replace undemocratic media structure: reemplazar las estructuras de comunicacion democraticos.. The usual approaches Private mass media are often justified as being a vital part of the â€Å"marketplace of ideas. † But, as a way of promoting truth, this so-called market is largely a myth, serving mainly the interests of elites. Los medios de comunicacion privados a menudo se justifican como una parte vital del â€Å"mercado de las ideas. Pero, como una forma de promover la verdad, este llamado mercado es en gran parte un mito, que sirve principalmente a los intereses de las elites. ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE MASS MEDIA (1) Emergencies. The mass media, especially radio and television, can come in handy in emergencies: messages can be broadcast, reaching a large fraction of the population. Emergencias. Los medios de comunicacion, especialme nte la radio y la television, puede ser util en situaciones de emergencia: los mensajes pueden ser transmitidos, alcanzando una gran parte de la poblacion. AGAINST—–But the mass media are not really necessary for emergency purposes. Fire alarms, for example, do not rely on conventional media. Furthermore, network media, including telephone and computer networks, can be set up to allow emergency communications. Pero los medios de comunicacion no son realmente necesarios para casos de emergencia. Las alarmas de incendio, por ejemplo, no confian en los medios de comunicacion convencionales. Por otra parte, los medios de comunicacion de red, incluyendo telefonia y redes informaticas, se pueden configurar para permitir las comunicaciones de emergencia. Actually, the mass media are a great vulnerability in certain emergencies: military coups. Because they allow a few people to communicate to a large population with little possibility of dialogue, television and radio stations are commonly the first targets in military takeovers. Censorship of newspapers is a next step. This connection between coups and mass media also highlights the role of mass media in authoritarian regimes. En realidad, los medios de comunicacion son una gran vulnerabilidad en ciertas situaciones de emergencia: los golpes militares. Porque permiten que algunas personas se comunican a una gran poblacion con poca posibilidad de dialogo, la television y la radio son normalmente los primeros blancos en golpes militares. La censura de prensa es el siguiente paso. Esta conexion entre los golpes de Estado y medios de comunicacion tambien pone de relieve el papel de los medios de comunicacion en los regimenes autoritarios. AGAINST—-Military strength is no defence against a military coup, and indeed may be the cause of one. To resist a coup, network communications are far superior to mass media (Schweik Action, 1992). So, from the point of view of preparing for emergencies, mass media are bad investments. La fuerza militar no es una defensa contra un golpe de estado militar, y de hecho puede ser la causa de una. Para resistir un golpe de Estado, las comunicaciones de red son muy superiores a los medios de comunicacion (Schweik Accion, 1992). Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista de la preparacion para casos de emergencia, los medios de comunicacion son malas inversiones. (2) Media talent. The mass media allow many people to enjoy and learn from the efforts of some very talented people: actors, musicians, athletes, journalists and commentators. True. But just as many people can enjoy and learn from these talented people without the mass media, for example through audio and video recordings. 2) el talento Media. Los medios de comunicacion permiten que muchas personas puedan disfrutar y aprender de los esfuerzos de algunas personas muy talentosas: actores, musicos, atletas, periodistas y comentaristas. Verdadero. Pero al igual que muchas personas puedan disfrutar y aprender de estas personas con talento y sin los medios de comunicacion, por ejemplo a traves de grabaciones de audio y video. AGAINST—-Furthermore, the mass media suppress access to all but a few performers and contributors. Those who are left out have a much better chance of reaching a sympathetic audience via network media. Por otra parte, los medios de comunicacion suprimir el acceso a casi todos los artistas y colaboradores. Los que se quedan fuera tienen una mejor oportunidad de llegar a un publico mas simpatico a traves de los medios de comunicacion de la red. Richard Schickel (1985) points out that the celebrity is a twentieth-century phenomenon, created especially by movies and television. He describes a culture of celebrity, in which people strive to be well known, even if this is only because they have appeared on the screen. The culture of celebrity, he argues, is undermining many traditional practices. For example, politicians are sold on the media in terms of image rather than policies. Richard Schickel (1985) senala que la celebridad es un fenomeno del siglo XX, creado especialmente por el cine y la television. El describe la cultura de la celebridad, en la que las personas se esfuerzan por ser bien conocido, aunque esto es solo porque han aparecido en la pantalla. La cultura de la celebridad, sostiene, esta socavando muchas de las practicas tradicionales. Por ejemplo, los politicos se venden en los medios de comunicacion en terminos de imagen, mas que politicas. (3)Large resources. The mass media command enormous resources, both financial and symbolic. This makes it possible for them to pursue large or expensive projects: large-budget films, special investigative teams, in-depth coverage of key events. 3) los recursos grandes. Los enormes recursos de los medios de comunicacion de masas de comando, tanto economicos como simbolicos. Esto hace que sea posible para ellos para perseguir grandes o costosos proyectos: peliculas de gran presupuesto, equipos especiales de investigacion, la cobertura en profundidad de los principales acontecimientos. AGAINST—-Actually, large-scale projects are also possible with network systems. They simply require cooperation and collaboration. For example, some public domain software (free computer programmes) is quite sophisticated and has been produced with the help of many people. In centralised systems, far-reaching decisions can be made by just a few people. In decentralised systems, greater participation is required. En realidad, los proyectos a gran escala tambien son posibles con los sistemas de la red. Simplemente se requiere de la cooperacion y la colaboracion. Por ejemplo, algunos programas de dominio publico (programas informaticos gratuitos) es bastante sofisticado y ha sido elaborado con la ayuda de muchas personas. En los sistemas centralizados, decisiones de gran alcance se pueden hacer unas pocas personas. En los sistemas descentralizados, se requiere una mayor participacion. These four possible arguments for retaining mass media, in some reformed and improved form, actually turn out to be arguments against mass media. ABSTRACT AGAINST: – The mass media are not necessary for emergencies and are actually a key vulnerability to those who would take over a society. -The mass media are not necessary to enjoy and benefit from the talent of others, and they foster an unhealthy emphasis on image. -Finally, although the mass media can undertake large projects, such projects can also dev elop through network media, but in a way involving participation rather than central direction. Estos cuatro argumentos posibles para retener los medios de comunicacion, de una forma reformada y mejorada, en realidad resultan ser argumentos en contra de los medios de comunicacion. RESUMEN EN CONTRA – Los medios de comunicacion no son necesarios en caso de emergencia y en realidad son una vulnerabilidad clave a los que se haria cargo de una sociedad. -Los medios de comunicacion no son necesarios para disfrutar y aprovechar el talento de los demas, y fomentar un enfasis enfermizo en la imagen. -Por ultimo, aunque los medios de comunicacion pueden llevar a cabo grandes proyectos, estos proyectos tambien pueden desarrollarse a traves de los medios de comunicacion de la red, pero de una manera que implica la participacion en lugar de la direccion central. PARTICIPATORY MEDIA AGAINST–Mass media are inherently corrupting. A small number of owners and editors exercise great power over what is communicated to large numbers of people. -Mass media should be replaced by participatory media organised as networks, such as telephone and computer networks. Los medios de comunicacion son inherentemente corrompiendo. Un pequeno numero de propietarios y editores ejercen un gran poder sobre lo que se comunica a un gran numero de personas. – Los medios de comunicacion deben ser sustituidos por medios participativos organizados en redes, como el telefono y las redes informaticas.

Environmental Education and Education for Sustainability Essay

QUESTION 1 What international events influenced the development of Environmental Education and Education for Sustainability? List the key developments and events in a short 1-page point-form account providing the relevant names of events and dates/ years in which they took place 1) The 1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment – Stockholm It led directly to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which became the first UN agency to have its headquarters located outside of Europe and North America – in Nairobi in Kenya, East Africa. Among the first tasks given to the UNEP was to establish term ‘environmental education’. Together with Unesco, UNEP organised the first International Workshop on Environmental Education in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1975 and following on this, the first Inter-governmental Conference on Environmental Education held at Tbilisi in the USSR in 1977. This conference resulted in the declaration of 12 principals – now referred to as the Tbilisi Principals of Environmental Education which provided the framework and guidelines for the practise of environmental education on a global, regional, and national scale. The 1987 International Conference on Environmental Education held in Moscow reaffirmed the Tbilisi Principals as sound guidelines for t he development of national environment al education programmes. 2) The Tbilisi Principles of Environmental Education Consider the environment in its totality – natural and built, technological and social (economic, political, cultural-historical, moral, aesthetic) Be a continuous lifelong process, beginning at the preschool level and continuing through all formal and non-formal stages Be interdisciplinary in its approach, drawing on the specific content of each discipline in making possible a holistic and balanced perspective Examine major environmental issues from local, national, regional, and international points of view so that students receive insights into environmental conditions in other geographical areas Focus on current and potential environmental situations while taking into account the historical perspective Promote value of, and necessity for local, national, and international cooperation in the prevention and solution of environmental problems Explicitly consider environmental aspects in plans for the development and growth Enable  learners to have a role in planning their learning experiences and provide an opportunity for making decisions and accepting their consequences Enable learners to have a role in planning their learning experiences and provide an opportunity for making decisions and accepting their consequences Relate environmental sensitivity, knowledge. Problem-solving skills and values clarification to every age, but with special emphasis on environmental sensitivity to the learner’s own community in early years Help learners discover the symptoms and real causes of environmental problems Emphasise the complexity of environmental problems and thus the need to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills Utilise diverse learning environments and a broad array of educational approaches to teaching/ learning about and from the environment, with due stress on practical activities and first-hand experience 3) The 1992 Rio Earth Summit The 1992 Earth Summit focused on the role of environmental education as an educational response to the environmental crisis. Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992), was one of the key documents to emerge from the conference , emphasises the need for wide-scale environmental educational programmes in diverse settings, while the â€Å"BioDiversity Convention† includes education and capacity building , as do many of the other international conventions aimed at responding to a wide range of environmental issues Agenda 21 describes environmental education processes that involve teachers and learners in â€Å"promoting sustainable development and improving the capacity of people to address environment and development issues† illustrating the close link between changes in the field of environmental education and the prominence of the notion of sustainable development at the Rio Earth Summit. A development linked to the 1992 Earth Summit was the development of a Treaty on Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies, which was adopted at a plenary meeting by the International Forum of NGOs and Social Movements 4) The NGO Forum Principals Education is the right of all; we are all learners and educators Environmental education, whether formal, non-formal or informal, should grounded in critical and innovative thinking in any place or time, promoting the transformation and construction of society Environment education is both  individual and collective. It aims to develop local and global citizenship with respect for self-determination and the sovereignty of nations Environmental education is not neutral but it value-based. It is an act for social transformation Environmental education must involve a holistic approach and thus an interdisciplinary focus in the relation between human beings, nature and the universe Environmental education must stimulate solidarity, equality, and respect for the human rights involving democratic strategies and an open climate of cultural interchange Environmental education should treat critical global issues, their causes and interrelationship in a systematic approach and within their social and historical contexts. Environmental education must recover, recognise, respect, reflect and utilise indigenous history and local cultures, as well as promote cultural, linguistic and ecological diversity. Environmental education must facilitate equal partnerships in the processes decision making at all levels and stages Environmental education should empower all peoples and promote opportunity for grassroots democratic change and participation. Environmental education values all different forms of knowledge. Knowledge is diverse, cumulative and socially produced and should not be patented or monopolised Environmental education must be designed to enable people to handle conflicts in just and humane ways Environmental education must stimulate dialogue and cooperation among individuals and institutions in order to create new lifestyles which are based on meeting everyone’s basic needs, regardless of ethnic gender, age, religious, class, physical or mental differences Environmental education requires a democratisation of the mass media and its commitment to the interest of all sectors of society. Environmental education must integrate knowledge, skills, values, attitudes and actions Education must help develop and ethical awareness of all forms of life with humans share this planet, respect all life cycles, and impose limits on human’s exploitation of other forms of life. QUESTION 2 The IUCN defines environmental education as follows: Environmental education is a process during which values are discovered and concepts are explained in order to develop skills and attitudes pertaining  to an appreciation of the relationship between man, his culture and his biophysical environment. Environment education also includes the practise of decision-making and the formulation of personal code of conduct on matters affecting the quality of the environment. In a school context, you observe the following: Paper and litter is strewn over the whole school and the school grounds are unkempt Lights are left on in classrooms and offices after school is over Taps are usually left dripping  As an environmental educator you realise that this an opportunity to educate the learners and the staff at your school about the environment issues observed and to help them take action to respond to these issues. Briefly explain: 3) What values you can teach the school in relation to the observed environmental issues? The importance of a clean environment is a healthy environment. We can teach children the importance of recycling. 4) What skills need to be developed to address the problems? We need to educate learners the threats that litter causes to the environment e.g. litter can be a fire hazard; it could harm or kill animals, can block waterways, litter looks bad and is an eyesore for anybody. 5) What attitudes need to be developed in the school? Learners and children need to develop a positive attitude, to involve the entire school in a recycling programme, which can be extended to the community. 6) What decisions need to be made by the school management to address these issues? Create awareness by providing recycling bins for paper, glass and plastic. Pick an area on a weekly basis and involve the learners and parents to participate in cleaning up the area. Have awareness meetings with the learners, have charts in the classrooms, go on field trips. 7) What code of conduct needs to be developed for learners in the school to address these issues? The rules of the school have to be strict, children are to receive detention if they are caught littering. QUESTION 3 Education for sustainability and education for sustainable development are very prominent in this decade for sustainable development. Answer the  following questions regarding this: 3.1 Define the term sustainable development Sustainable development means ensuring the dignified living conditions with regard to human rights by creating and maintaining the widest possible range of options for freely defining life plans 3.2 Name two ecological indicators of sustainability Consumption and generation of waste are minimised Renewable, non-toxic energy sources are used and/ or disposed of to the benefit of the environment and community 3.3 Name two social indicators of sustainability There are adequate opportunities/ technologies for communication within the community and for connecting, as is appropriate, with the worldwide community The talents, skills and other resources of the community are shared freely within the community, and offered outside the community, to serve the greater good 3.4 Name two spiritual indicators of sustainability Cultural vitality is sustained through artistic and other cultural activities and celebrations There is a capacity for flexibility and successful responsiveness to difficulties that arise QUESTION 4 Discuss how you can apply five (5) Tbilisi principals of Environmental Education in teaching an environment education topic of your choice Assessment guide: Your chosen topic has to be an environmental issue that environmental education will be responding to. You need to list the 5 principals and for each principle explain how you will fully incorporate it into the chosen topic. Use the framework below for your answer: Environmental Topic: Tbilisi Principle Application of the principle to the topic 1.consider the environment in its totality Learners are to respect the environment 2.focus on current & potential environment situations Think on the current problems and the problems that can arise in the future if not dealt with now 3.help learners discover the symptoms & real causes of environmental problems Educate learners on how these problems are caused and how to detect them early on 4.emphasis the complexity of environmental problems and the need to develop critical thinking and problem solving Discuss with learners the hazards of environmental problems and ways to prevent them 5.enable learners to have a role in planning their learning experiences Group studies, sharing and brainstorming QUESTION 5 Discuss learning in environmental education under the following headings 5.1 environmental learning strategies or approaches Active Learning Learners should not only learn about the environment, but should also be active participants in the learning situation in environment education Authentic Learning Learning about real environmental threats and problems, and looking for real solutions to these challenges. It also implies active, hands-on learning Problem Solving With the correct guidance and support, learners will make a genuine effort to solve problems if they are real and especially if adults have been unable to find a solution. Critical Thinking Many outcomes for environmental learning include the phrase: â€Å"Learners should critically engage with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This implies a higher dimension of thought and requires learners to acquire a lot of information on different perspectives associated with an environmental problem, issue or risk if their critical engagement is to be meaningful. 5.2 principles for environmental learning To ensure a holistic approach to learning in environmental education, the following principals should be taken into account Environmental learning is based on knowledge, which is needed to study and solve environmental problems and to address environmental challenges Environmental learning should develop the skills needed to study and solve environmental problems and to address environmental challenges Environmental learning should include the affective domain, specifically the attitudes, values and  commitments needed to ensure a sustainable society 5.3 learners Age Environmental learning should be age appropriate for it to succeed. Learners in different age groups have different learning abilities and exhibit different characteristics Auditory Learners Auditory learners prefer to learn through listening. Typical auditory learning activities in environmental education are listening to verbal presentations on environmental topics and discussions on environmental issues Visual Learners Visual learners prefer learning through seeing. The more visual the presentation, the better it is. In a formal learning situation, visual learners need to see the environmental educators body language and facial expressions to fully understand the content of a presentation Tactile/ kinaesthetic learners Tactile learners prefer learning through touching, moving, and doing. Outdoor learning suits them well, as they prefer a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them 5.4 inclusive learning in environmental education Inclusive environmental education means More students with barriers to learning in regular environments, more of the time, in more meaningful activities Having additional learning options for meeting the variety of needs of individual learners Mainstreaming learners and offering support, resources and help where needed 5.5 The learning environment in environmental education A learning should be functional and should correspond as closely as possible to the situations in which learning is to applied A learning environment should encourage activity and should engage learners in an interactive and integrated way A learning environment should be lifelike, or at least relate to reality, to ensure that learners can experience what the learning can be used for. A learning environment should contain models, and coaching  should be provided by an expert teacher QUESTION 6 The purpose of this question is to help you master the skill of preparing a lesson for your subject in which you integrate Environmental Education Design a lesson where you indicate how an environmental theme can be taught in your subject. The following should receive attention: Indicate the environmental topic (e.g. pollution, global warming, acid mine water, desertification, deforestation, overuse of resources such as fishing, etc.) Indicate the lesson aims (identify the relevant environmental skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values to be addressed by the lesson) Indicate the environmental content you will use to present the lesson Include learning activities for introduction, middle, and conclusion of lesson Include teacher activities for introduction, middle, and conclusion of lesson Integrate at least two Tbilisi principles in your lesson (how can two Tbilisi principles are used in the school context). Indicate the values you would like learners to accept (e.g. care for the environment, action on behalf of the environment, etc.) Indicate the environmental concepts you would like learners to understand and indicate how you will go about teaching the concepts (e.g. biodiversity, environment, etc.). Indicate the skills learners should master (e.g. Learners must be able to make compost or start a food garden or recycle paper, etc.). Reflect on how successful you were in integrating Environmental education in your lesson.

Free Essays on La Vita E Bella

Questo film di Roberto Benigno mostra la forza dello spirito umano, anche quando la morta e sicura. L’azione succede in Italia nel mille novecento trentanove. Il personaggio principale si chiama Guido. Guido e una bella persona perche cerca sempre di fare contenti tutti quanti. Per esempio, lui aiuta sua moglie quando le parla con l’altoparlante in campo di concentrazione. Dice che l’ama e che s’incontrano nel suo sogno per andare al cinema. Quest’azione, ha fato molto contenta Dora. Lei l’ama tanto che ha deciso di andare con lui e loro figlio al campo di concentrazione. Prima del campo di concentrazione quella famiglia era molto felice. Loro avevano una libreria dove il piccolo figlio chiamato Joshua aiutava sua padre. Quando loro arrivano al campo di concentrazione, Guido cerca di divertare suo figlio. Guido persuade Joshua che il campo di concentrazione e un gioco. Il Pappa dice a Joshua che se fa tutto ch’e necessario, loro guadagnano punti. E con mille punti, loro vincono. Per esempio se Joshua sta zitto e si sconde (perche tutti i babini sono occisi in ‘gas chambers’) lui guadagna dieci punti. In tutto il film, la musica e ripetuta ma bella. In particolare, c’e una canzone che Andrea Bocceli canta e bellissima. Anche le immagini sono molto forti. All’incomincio del film, la prima volta che Guido e con Dora ci sono molti fiori, e sono molto belle. Comunque, quando arrivano al campo di concentrazione, la prima cosa che vedono sono uomini magri e ammalati in uniformi molto sporchi e rigati. Questo film era molto tristo, ma io lo raccomando a tutti quanti.... Free Essays on La Vita E Bella Free Essays on La Vita E Bella Questo film di Roberto Benigno mostra la forza dello spirito umano, anche quando la morta e sicura. L’azione succede in Italia nel mille novecento trentanove. Il personaggio principale si chiama Guido. Guido e una bella persona perche cerca sempre di fare contenti tutti quanti. Per esempio, lui aiuta sua moglie quando le parla con l’altoparlante in campo di concentrazione. Dice che l’ama e che s’incontrano nel suo sogno per andare al cinema. Quest’azione, ha fato molto contenta Dora. Lei l’ama tanto che ha deciso di andare con lui e loro figlio al campo di concentrazione. Prima del campo di concentrazione quella famiglia era molto felice. Loro avevano una libreria dove il piccolo figlio chiamato Joshua aiutava sua padre. Quando loro arrivano al campo di concentrazione, Guido cerca di divertare suo figlio. Guido persuade Joshua che il campo di concentrazione e un gioco. Il Pappa dice a Joshua che se fa tutto ch’e necessario, loro guadagnano punti. E con mille punti, loro vincono. Per esempio se Joshua sta zitto e si sconde (perche tutti i babini sono occisi in ‘gas chambers’) lui guadagna dieci punti. In tutto il film, la musica e ripetuta ma bella. In particolare, c’e una canzone che Andrea Bocceli canta e bellissima. Anche le immagini sono molto forti. All’incomincio del film, la prima volta che Guido e con Dora ci sono molti fiori, e sono molto belle. Comunque, quando arrivano al campo di concentrazione, la prima cosa che vedono sono uomini magri e ammalati in uniformi molto sporchi e rigati. Questo film era molto tristo, ma io lo raccomando a tutti quanti....

Civil War Medicine essays

Civil War Medicine essays There were many medical advances made during the American Civil War. When the Civil War began in April 1861, medicine was approaching what Surgeon General William Hammond called "the end of the medical Middle Ages." American physicians had little knowledge of the cause and prevention of disease and infection. (Maher, pg. 1) The Army Medical Department, which was responsible for the care of the sick and wounded in the North, was unprepared. The staff of 90 doctors was experienced in dealing with the health problems of small military outposts, but had no idea of how to deal with large scale medical and logistical problems. Unfortunately, the war occurred just a few years before Louis Pasteur discovered the role of germs in infection; doctors dug bullet fragments out with unwashed fingers and operated with bloody instruments for lack of clean water (Thomas, pg92). A surgeon recalled: "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats, we used undisinfected instruments from undisinfected plush lined cases. If a sponge (if they had sponges) or instrument fell on the floor it was washed and squeezed in a basin of water and used as if it was clean." Civil War surgeons actually thought pus in a wound was good (Maher, pg. 48). Early in the war it became obvious that disease would be the greatest killer. Two soldiers died of disease (dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, and malaria) for every one killed in battle. Soldiers from small rural areas suffered from childhood diseases such as measles and mumps because they lacked immunity. Outbreaks of these diseases were caused by overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in the field. To remedy this, the U.S. government created the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861. The commission was directed by Frederick Law Olmstead. Preaching the virtues of clean water, good food, and fresh air, the commission pressured the Army Medical Department to improve sanitation, build large wel...

The finest one-stop shop for ambulance vehicle Essay

The finest one-stop shop for ambulance vehicle - Essay Example Other related designs inside and out of the ambulance vehicle will also be covered within the business for as long as it is related with providing medical equipments. For instance, cabinets, and handles for medical apparatus will be provided as well. In other words, the said business is a one-stop shop for ambulance because it would try to cater in as much as possible all the essential needs of the said vehicles for emergency purposes and other related concerns. A detail of this plan can be pictured out through Appendix 3. 3. Business Name and Logo  The business name is taken from the name of the proponent; it is â€Å"SAAD Company†, while the company’s logo is obtained from the site of Arthursclipart.org (2009). The logo is a picture of a red cross, indicating that the company is provider of life-saving equipments for emergency purposes. In other words, the logo remarkably emphasizes that the business would work hand in hand with medical-related businesses. In this c ase, it would provide substantial equipments and other related needs of ambulance vehicles including but not limited to designing customized medical gears.   4. Location  The proponent would want to locate the business at the center of South Australia, Adelaide. This is the capital of South Australia. In June 2011, there were 1.21 million people in its population, an integral component of the overall 1.66 million people in South Australia in the same year (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). Adelaide is situated at the heart of South Australia where business.

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Questions - Essay Example The agreements also meant that if a country was attacked, the allied states would offer defense against the war. Therefore, Austria-Hungarys declaration of war on Serbia marked the beginning of World War One as Russia moved in to defend Serbia a move that prompted Germany to declare war on Russia. Germany also attacked France through Belgium, and this also triggered the war with the Britons. Other allied states joined the war where the USA, Japan, and Italy entered the sides of their allies. Therefore, to this extent, the war has been blamed on the strong allies that encouraged a war atmosphere. The intelligence tests, Alpha and Army Beta tests became popular during the World War One as they were used to screen the army (Wynn, 343). The main purpose of the test was to offer the commanders with a chance and a quick method of testing the ability of their personnel or the junior army. History holds that the test was successful in testing and measuring verbal ability, the ability to follow directions, numerical ability, as well as knowledge information of the draftees. Besides, the Army Beta was a non-verbal tool that successfully evaluated the draftees on the levels of their literacy and was successful with the non-schooled as well as non-English speaking draftees and the volunteers. Therefore, the tests were administered on the draftees and helped the senior officers to identify the candidates who were capable of serving. On the other hand, the tests were also crucial for the classification of the draftees into various military jobs. Besides, history holds that the senior off icers also used the tests to select the individuals who had leadership traits to feel in the positions of the retired officers. Generally, the tests were actually effective in serving their purpose of testing verbal and non-verbal capabilities of the army draftees. The Great Depression happened

Future of Forensic Accounting and Accountants Essay

Future of Forensic Accounting and Accountants - Essay Example This takes us to our discussion regarding the future aspects of forensic accounting and the role of forensic accountants in the light of the current events and endless possibilities and opportunities in the profession. The current economic recession has yet again revealed the weaknesses in the corporate structure which is under pressure to sustain itself and the crisis which started from prime loans and credit crisis in the financial sector did not take long time to spill over its adversities to other sectors in the US. Similar conditions also prevail in other countries in particular European and Far Eastern countries which rely heavily on US interests in these countries. Present glooming conditions are not favoring businesses and stocks are plummeting as shareholders hold a more conservative approach and feel that presently a more careful approach is required. In this situation businesses are not able to benefit from the capital markets as raising capital becomes difficult and slowing trading activity making businesses fall back on their commitments and disputes are more than likely to happen. In addition to this to stay as a favorable investment choice amongst shareholders it is imperative that companies will indulge in manipulation of their accounts to report healthy view of their companies which may not be the case. Despite of the tougher regulation of the accounting profession and attempts by international regulators to converge all countries on a single set of accounting standards there still remains certain loopholes as participants are not willing to compromise their sovereignty and identification. Fraudsters and culprits are always in search of such gaps that remain in both accounting and legal systems and it is in their interests to misreport their financial condition or avoid such commitments which they may not be able to fulfill. This scenario would surely create further demand for forensic accounting and forensic

Evaluation of an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluation of an Argument - Essay Example The essay "Evaluation of an Argument" evaluates the validity, degree of soundness, and truth of the premises of the following argument: some sound arguments are valid, some valid arguments are arguments with false premises, some arguments with false premises are arguments with mood and figure OAO-2. According to Hyde, a syllogism refers to a deductive argument comprising of a minor premise, major premise, and a conclusion. The first syllogism for the above argument, which we have established to be a sprite can be deduced as: some arguments with mood and figure OAO-2 are not sound, some valid arguments are not sound, some arguments with false premises are not sound, no arguments with false premises are valid. In the general sense, the conventional logic expression of this argument: some T is not Q, some F is not Q, T is not F. The second syllogism for the original argument can be deductively interpreted within the context of the sortie to imply that: no arguments with false premises a re valid, some arguments underpinned with false premises are not sound, all arguments with mood and figure OAO-2 are generally not sound. Therefore, in the second syllogism, the conclusion of the original argument being evaluated has been transformed into a portion of the second syllogism. Moreover, the changed premise of the original automatically became an intermediate conclusion for the second syllogism. The example shows the unique character in which sorites tend to change the premise.

Innovative Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Innovative Organisations - Essay Example PepsiCo has evolved from its traditional beverage operations which has a rich history of business spanning over 100 years and has become one of the foremost multi-national food distributors in the world. This report highlights innovations at PepsiCo as well as a discussion of innovation philosophy in order to determine whether PepsiCo maintains a high level of invention or novel product creation to be considered truly innovative. many generations that it would be impossible to discuss all of its business evolutions in the 20th Century. However, ever since the company decided to move out of strictly beverages and into other snack food dimensions, the business has been competing in a very large variety of marketplaces against other small- and large-scale competition. In terms of market share, PepsiCo maintains 30.8 percent of the total beverage industry (Bauerlein, 2009). PepsiCo further earned $7 billion (USD) as a result of total business operations from 2007-2008 (PepsiCo, 2008). These are stellar profits, which suggests that PepsiCo understands how to properly innovate its products, making them stand out against other competing companies, and are able to build customer interest in these products through innovative marketing and manufacture of new product lines. In the beverage division of the company, the largest competitor is Coca-Cola. However, both companies are experiencing a drop in overall sales volume, which is driving further innovation on behalf of both companies to compete for market share in this division. Coca-Cola experienced a 3.1 percent drop in sales in 2008 while Pepsi experienced 4 percent in the same period (Bauerlein, 2009). This suggests an external consumer who is not spending as before on beverages, calling for innovative sales and product strategies to regain lost market share and satisfy customer needs at the same time. competitive environment is

Immigration The Guest Worker Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration The Guest Worker Program - Essay Example Yet there are jobs within certain sectors that are not very attractive to many, but immigrants will take what they can get. In other words, they will do the jobs that many won't do. The United State's guest worker program has modeled itself largely after the European guest worker program. The European system has failed in many different areas. The European program began hiring workers within their guest worker program after World War II and these guest workers never returned home, therefore they became permanent. This scenario seems to be the expectation of President Bush's guest worker program in the United States. The research that has been conducted on the European system has more or less been ignored and will result in a large pool of immigrants with very few legal rights that would make our current problems grow (Unknown). The failures in the French guest worker program resulted in the Parisian riots in 2005. These riots were the results of young people who were the "leftovers" of the French guest worker program and their neighborhoods consistent of poverty and large numbers of the unemployed. They needed to be pushed into the French mainstream rather than be placed upon the backburner and ignored (Unknown). Where the United States used to be considered the place where dreams were made. It was said that any man could achieve anything as long as he could work for it, but the guest worker program could or could not make this possible. Men used to be able to work for everything they had whether they were born in the United States or not and this is what immigrants are hoping for (Unknown). This makes the guest worker program a very important debate. Again, where the United States has always been viewed as the land where dreams come true, immigrants want to have that chance just like many immigrants before them did. They want to improve their lives, but the guest worker program could result in these immigrants breaking laws in order to try and achieve more freedoms and illegally stay here. One significant problem is that currently, there are employers within the United States who take advantage of illegal immigrants by paying them low wages. They are feeding off of the fact that the illegal immigrant wants to be within the United States that bad. Many of these illegal immigrants fear that they are going to be deported when asked to verify documentation. Instead of raids being held in which the immigrant must produce documentation that they are in the United States legally, Bush states that better border patrol needs to be implemented to keep them from entering the United States to begin with (USCIS). This is one issue that President Bush is hoping the guest worker program will eliminate. Yet, unless border security is significantly amped up, certain rules within the guest worker program will backfire. The guest worker would be required to register and pay a possible fee. This fee would depend on whether or not the immigrant currently resides within the country or is living outside of the country. They will then be given a temporary worker card. There are other aspects such as Bush working closely with the foreign governments to make sure incentives existed for the foreign worker to make them return to their home country. Bush also proposes that the credit

Evaluation of an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluation of an Argument - Essay Example The essay "Evaluation of an Argument" evaluates the validity, degree of soundness, and truth of the premises of the following argument: some sound arguments are valid, some valid arguments are arguments with false premises, some arguments with false premises are arguments with mood and figure OAO-2. According to Hyde, a syllogism refers to a deductive argument comprising of a minor premise, major premise, and a conclusion. The first syllogism for the above argument, which we have established to be a sprite can be deduced as: some arguments with mood and figure OAO-2 are not sound, some valid arguments are not sound, some arguments with false premises are not sound, no arguments with false premises are valid. In the general sense, the conventional logic expression of this argument: some T is not Q, some F is not Q, T is not F. The second syllogism for the original argument can be deductively interpreted within the context of the sortie to imply that: no arguments with false premises a re valid, some arguments underpinned with false premises are not sound, all arguments with mood and figure OAO-2 are generally not sound. Therefore, in the second syllogism, the conclusion of the original argument being evaluated has been transformed into a portion of the second syllogism. Moreover, the changed premise of the original automatically became an intermediate conclusion for the second syllogism. The example shows the unique character in which sorites tend to change the premise.

Immigration The Guest Worker Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration The Guest Worker Program - Essay Example Yet there are jobs within certain sectors that are not very attractive to many, but immigrants will take what they can get. In other words, they will do the jobs that many won't do. The United State's guest worker program has modeled itself largely after the European guest worker program. The European system has failed in many different areas. The European program began hiring workers within their guest worker program after World War II and these guest workers never returned home, therefore they became permanent. This scenario seems to be the expectation of President Bush's guest worker program in the United States. The research that has been conducted on the European system has more or less been ignored and will result in a large pool of immigrants with very few legal rights that would make our current problems grow (Unknown). The failures in the French guest worker program resulted in the Parisian riots in 2005. These riots were the results of young people who were the "leftovers" of the French guest worker program and their neighborhoods consistent of poverty and large numbers of the unemployed. They needed to be pushed into the French mainstream rather than be placed upon the backburner and ignored (Unknown). Where the United States used to be considered the place where dreams were made. It was said that any man could achieve anything as long as he could work for it, but the guest worker program could or could not make this possible. Men used to be able to work for everything they had whether they were born in the United States or not and this is what immigrants are hoping for (Unknown). This makes the guest worker program a very important debate. Again, where the United States has always been viewed as the land where dreams come true, immigrants want to have that chance just like many immigrants before them did. They want to improve their lives, but the guest worker program could result in these immigrants breaking laws in order to try and achieve more freedoms and illegally stay here. One significant problem is that currently, there are employers within the United States who take advantage of illegal immigrants by paying them low wages. They are feeding off of the fact that the illegal immigrant wants to be within the United States that bad. Many of these illegal immigrants fear that they are going to be deported when asked to verify documentation. Instead of raids being held in which the immigrant must produce documentation that they are in the United States legally, Bush states that better border patrol needs to be implemented to keep them from entering the United States to begin with (USCIS). This is one issue that President Bush is hoping the guest worker program will eliminate. Yet, unless border security is significantly amped up, certain rules within the guest worker program will backfire. The guest worker would be required to register and pay a possible fee. This fee would depend on whether or not the immigrant currently resides within the country or is living outside of the country. They will then be given a temporary worker card. There are other aspects such as Bush working closely with the foreign governments to make sure incentives existed for the foreign worker to make them return to their home country. Bush also proposes that the credit

Interest groups Essay Example for Free

Interest groups Essay Interest groups are particular groups of individuals, which lobby for a specific interest in advancing their own field or discipline. In essence, these groups can be categorized as advocacy groups because they are created with a particular goal. They are advocating only for the betterment of their interest, and sometimes coordinate and form linkages with other institutions to further advance their advocacy. In other jargons, these groups are called pressure groups because of their attempt to influence or manipulate public policy for their own favor. They do it through lobbying in the congress, and sometimes even to the extent of creating party lists who go into the parliament. Each and every one of the pressure groups shares an ambition to impinge on government policy to do well to themselves or their foundations. It possibly will be a policy that absolutely benefits faction members or one sector of society or a policy that progress a broader communal reason. Interest groups are an ordinary consequence of the communities of welfare. The sector that is advanced by interest groups can be farmers for land tenure or industrialization. On the other hand, the wider society can be advanced by interest through the need of better air quality. Furthermore, the theory on political systems includes the essential role public interest groups do in influencing polity and the economy. In addition, public interest groups influence even the heads of the states. In the changes on 20th century politics, the presidency is affected by interest groups in the manner that if the president does not support a certain advocacy, he will be threatened not to get any support. In the recently concluded Philippine elections, the interest groups advancing the Reproductive Health Bill greatly dictate the choice of the people. The candidates for the presidency have been widely scrutinized based on their views about reproductive health. In the end, the candidate who impressed the sector advocating the Reproductive Health Bill, including the church, emerged victorious. Other than the propaganda work performed by interest groups, they also play an important role in political elections because of their influence on the civil society. The public opinion expressed by public interest groups dictate the characteristics of the political candidates and those who conform accordingly get the most support from these groups, which is, in fact, one of the glorious features of plurality and democracy. If the choices made turned out wrong, there is always the opportunity to rectify it by voting again in the next election and listening to other advocacies by public interest groups. In terms of the economy, economic interest groups are omnipresent and the most well-known in every country. There are accurately several of them with bureaus in state capitals from Manila to Lima to Bandar Seri Begawan to the United States of America. There are more than a few diverse types of economic interests: â€Å"business groups like the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, the Confederation of British Industry, and the Nestle Corporation (Brittanica Encyclopedia, 2010). † Interest groups cannot do away with the society. Whatever their advocacies are, even how politicized it may seem, the masses is the primary stakeholder. They are under the cycle controlled by the political economic sphere. The dynamism of politics includes public interest groups in it. REFERENCES Contreras, A. P. (2002). Locating the political in the ecological: Globalization, state-civil society articulations, and environmental governance in the Philippines. Quezon City: De La Salle University Printing Press. interest group. Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2010. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 19 May. 2010 http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group. Marsh, D. Stoker, G. (1999). Theory and methods in political science. College of Forestry and Natural Resources: Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance reading room. Pulhin, J. M. Peras, R. J. J. (2009). [SFFG 125: Part 2. Lecture]. University of the Philippines Los Banos. Todaro, M. P. (1989). Economic development in the third world. (4th ed. ). New York: Pitman publishing Inc.

History Of The Body Area Networks

History Of The Body Area Networks Abstract In the recent few years there is tremendous advancement especially in the field of integration circuit, small sensors and in the wireless networks.in body area networks (BANs) these devices considerably suitable for integrating in any scenario like health monitoring , in sport, and even in military prospective due to its considerable light weight , low power, and sensing capability. BANs provide cheap, reliable, and scalable system for monitoring daily activities for short to long period of time. But still there are a number of challenges issues like integration of devices, system designing according to the user scenario, security and privacy of the data, modification and social issues must be resolved in order for BANs to become ubiquitous. In our report we discus BANs background, its applications, and relationship. Introduction BANs (Body Area Networks) is a combination of micro and advanced Nano technology components for to improve the speed and accuracy of data recording. Generally BANs consist of small but sensitive sensors and actuators for monitoring and log data, then data sent to base station for storage. Users can access to this data in base station via internet or by other mean. BANs are actually a modern invention and primarily design for health industry (doctor and other staff) to monitor the health status. By taking the benefit of this technology we can monitor much more closely patients with chronic diseases like, asthma and diabetes. Doctor update the patients record quickly and efficiently to store general information of patients health. In United States and other part of Europe, they made different pilot programs to monitoring patients health status. They introduced bracelet with chips and antennas that can used to follow the patient position. They attached antennas on patient cloths to track him in the hospital and it send alert when he begins to collapse. A company is currently working on a project Healthy Aims [1] which focused on body devices that helps millions of people. Body Area Networks take low power radio frequencies (RF) and transfer the data of patients in real time. Doctors are able to monitor and change the setting for specific deployed devices on the body to improve the performance devices as well patient health. Pacemaker devices was produce 1960s have to endure pain and stress of surgery because it setup as a part of the body and send the patient health situation to RF transceiver, where it send directly to the doctor. This time interval always up to date the doctor about patient. By BANs Doctor an d his staff can access to patient record at any time so they dont need to visit the patient or patient dont need to visit the clinic, it is a good method in prospective of save time and money by visiting the clinic many time during the month or weeks. BANs is extremely compact and may be complex by its design, but as the sensor devices are very unassertive and a patient will be able to live a normal life. All sensors have same controlable mechanism like same element, power supply, and wireless transceivers. But they are design in such method that they can self-govern for the entire life [2]. They are designed for the measurement of temperature, movement, and location. Sensor and actuator implanted inside the body and they interact wirelessly each others in BANs and process data is transmitted from implanted devices to external devices. Mechanism of a actuator is like environmental agent. In BANs the data passes through sensor to sensor then sent to it base station where it can be transmitted to recipient via internet. 2 Body Area Networks History History about the body area network is not so old to go back many years to find out some material about BANs, taking advantages of some tiny useful technology in this sense is a new and unique idea. A number of different groups was work on PAN(personal area network) in Massachusett Institute of technology and that later grew out of the work on 1990s. The group actually wanted to get the information by interconnect different appliance on the body and to measure the position of the body by using electric field sensor. The main head for developing Personal Area Networks was Thomas G. Zimmerman. He introduces the new technology that allows the body to act like conductor. There was another name Neil Gershenfeld in that field who was in the Massachusett Institute of technology, incharged of the Media and Physics group. He and his group applied a method near -field coupling to solve the problem of determine the accurate position and its relationship with other parts, by fixing pairs of ante nnas on body part for example elbow and hand, and then run an electric current through them. They learned that as one move the capacitance of the circuit was charged. So they determine the exact position of the antennas after measuring the capacitance. There was a problem in the measurement method that the measurement was no longer accurate if hand was placed between the antennas but it was solved by the Zimmerman. There was actually another group working in the Media lab asked them to develop a network such that all electric gadgets that a person can carry are connected together. Many people carried digital devices around thereself but no one communicate to other.For example a person who has a mobile phone, a pager, a PDA or a digital watch mean all about his person at the same time. They both Zimmerman and Gershenfeld learned that, they can represent 1 or 0s, if they modulated the electric field which flowing through a person body,and allowing the body to carry digital information. At the end they discovered that if they used frequency and power that kept very low then the signal will not propagate far beyond the body. It mean that if devices could detect the signal on the body. This used of current at very low or small amount was unnoticed by anyone before. 2.1 Body Area Network Applications There are many possible application for communication like in the hospital, in patients monitoring system at home (post-operative care), use in a large scale throughout the world. There is also a list of BANs usages in various field like in sport, military, mesh, and in sport fields. Body Area Network Sports Applications In the present sporting arena many different readings are possible to take without having an athlete on a treadmill in a laboratory. It provide the platform to measure various levels during different competition in real life, for example in race, where coaches, need his pi athletes strengths and weaknesses. Body Area Mesh Network Applications The body area network consist of low-power and very reliable sensor networking. The low power usage allows longer life Batteries of motes or Gateways. The mesh network provides high reliability and long range communication. Mesh Networking is much more reliable and much capable of data sending Body Area Network Medical Applications Body Area Networks (BANs) can be used to provide interfaces for diagnostics purposes, in the hospital they used for administration of drugs, aid rehabilitation, and for remotely monitoring human physiological data. And for future prospective in hospital or at home it is used for monitoring the patient continuously and give required medication. So by this way patient need no more in the hospital with connected machines for monitoring. Body Area Network Military Applications Body Area Network has done a tremendous job in the military. So many of the military applications that we can use includes, their locations, health monitoring, their temperature and hydration levels, also very useful to enhance the strength, and many more factors for military prospective. 2.2 Body Area Network Devices 2.2.1 Body Area Network Sensors With rapid improvements in medical research, more and more health sensors have been developed to assist caregivers in monitoring their patients conditions. These sensors have been getting smaller, making it possible for the sensors to be worn or to be implanted into the human body. 2.2.2 Body Area Network Actuators The most significant products by any company would be the actuators. we can express an actuator as a device that transforms or converts energy into motion. Also applied as a force, an actuator usually is a mechanical apparatus that takes energy, normally constructed by liquid, air, or electricity, and converts that into a specific kind of motion. This particular product that would help build effective engineering designs in a safe and efficient manner and easily implemented anywhere according to the requirement. [3] 2.2.3 Body Area Network Devices usages Two main non-computer devices (sensors and actuators) can be used in BANs network. The main function of sensors are to measure human body parameters like temperature, electrocardiogram, heart beats rates and the pressure on the joints, These can be taken insidly or outsidely of the human body. Whereas Actuators have some particular action like to get the information received by the sensors and do work on instruction given by web or PDA. They are as following For monitoring muscle activity we can use an EMG (electromyography) sensor . For monitoring brain electrical activity we can use An EEG (electroencephalography) sensor. For monitoring trunk position we can use tilt sensor (TS). For monitoring respiration we can use breathing sensors. For monitoring heart activity we can use ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor. A sensor for blood pressure. To estimate a users activity we used movement sensors (MS). Description: http://www.sintef.no/upload/BAN.jpg Fig 2: A BAN on an Athlete : http://www.sintef.no/home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Instrumentation/Biomedical-Instrumentation/Body-Area-Networks/ . 2.3 Body Area Networking Before implementing the Body Area Network, a number of networking issues need to be solved. In this interferences when a node sends data (after processing) directly to central devices there is direct communication that might causes unnecessary rises of temperature in the tissues, there is another way data is sent through intermediate nodes to the destination by multihop communication. The data might pass to other nodes to the way to PDA if node attached to foot, that mean that at the same time the number of data pathways night exist in the same tissues. Node are like routers but it eliminate internal interference and more energy efficient. In PANs communication IEEE 802.15 standard used which basically sure that all group devices in the design of BANs should work with all togather. 2.4 Body Area Network Software UC Berkley in California is developed Tiny OS (Operating System) which is an open sourse operating system in used wireless embedded sensor network.OS is extremely small in sense of memory and code writing which make it suitable for sensor network where they use minimum memory. The search is going on by using this tiny OS in sensor networks to measure some extra ordinary work . For examples sensor networks that are used to monitor volcanic eruptions and tracking/tracing (for help purposes) of fire fighters in buildings. There is a another option available that is toolkit of MSR network embedded sensors that allow user to perform different actions like process the data, collect data, and also visualise data from sensor network. The search is still going on so let us see which development OS or MSR come fist but till yet both available for free download. 3. Challenges of Body Area Networks (BANs) Body Area Networks (BANs) consists of tiny sensor that actually placed around the body (attached on the skin or on the cloths), which take power from attached battery or from body. In BANs all the nodes communicate collectively to the central node (PDA) or other devices which are connected to the internet so data pass through to a particular person or to a particular application. There are a numbers of challenges still in BANs networks which must be overcome by engineer, they are as following: Power sources of life timer needs to be increased in the sensors networks (SN), or adopt different methods to get energy from other sources like body heat so it also should be perfected. The interaction of the different sensors or nodes and the main node like PDA, that should be designed in such a way that it allow some specialist applications to be written to perform particular functions for example disease management. The device needs to be intelligence in sense of memory and processing capabilities for processing, storing and transferring the data. To give a full and clear picture of human physiology, Sensor need to be integrated Physically, Chemically, and Biologically and the BAN components integrated for reliable and cost effective way. 3. Body Area Network User Cases . Body Area Networks (BANs) technology actually develop biomedical engineering according to the natural byproduct of existing sensors. Actually this technology is suitable for any scenario by its low bound of power and bandwidthHowever,there are many potential to use BAN technology due to its flexibility that is as following, Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) Integration of different mobile devices Different personal video devices (VD) Audio system of wireless (WS). Monitoring system for sport and fitness. Each case have unique requirement in term of bandwidth, power usage, signal distance and for latency. These cases use IEEE 802.15 standard which is use for different working group in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). So they think to use this standard within different devices for inside and around the body.And later they develop the standard for BANs and introduces a long range of possible devices to support this standard. For power balance and data rate the task group gave applications and appropriate devices for development. The figure below describe the comparison between power load and data rate in BANs. Fig (1) comparison between data rate and power.[1] In the above picture as we can see the range of different devices which can be used in BANs in comparison of power consumption and data rate. The table below also give us a full picture of devices that conform to work in a similar set of requirement, according to the demand of user case, yet still encompass a wide range and variety of devices Network setup time (Per device setup time excludes network initialization) Network Density 2 4 nets / m2 Startup Time Power Consumption ~1 mW / Mbps Network Size Max: 100 devices / network Latency (end to end) 10 ms Distance 2 m standard 5 m special use Effective sleep modes Operation in global, license-exempt band Effective sleep modes Peer to Peer, and Point to Multi-point communication Future proof Upgradeable, scaleable, backwards compatible Quality of Service Guaranteed Bandwidth Latency (end to end) [1] http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-08/ftp/ban/index.html 6. Zigbee wireless sensor technology ZigBee is the specification of a low-cost, low-power wireless communications solution design to fulfil the needs and requirement of our architecture. ZigBee is of high level Communication protocols using small, low power digital radios bases on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area Networks (WPANs). The Zigbee protocol standard contains the specifications of the network layer (NWK) and application layer (APL). Inside the application layer, functions are defined separately as the application support sub-layer (APS), the Zigbee device objects (ZDO), the Zigbee device profile (ZDP), the application framework (AF), and Zigbee security services. The comparisons of ISO OSI, TCP/IP, and ZigBee/802.15.4 are shown in the fig below: Fig 6.1.1 Zigbee with OSI Layers. Zigbee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, Zigbee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most significant improvement is the introduction of Zigbee device objects (ZDOs). These are responsible for a number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join the architecture network, device discovery and security. Fig 6.1.2 Zigbee stack. 4. System Capability Requirements The characteristics of sensor networks and requirements of different applications have a vital role on the network design objectives in terms of network capabilities and network performance. The main design objectives for sensor networks include the following several aspects. Small Node Size:- Reducing node size is one of the primary design objectives of sensor networks. Reducing node size can facilitate node deployment, and also reduce the cost and power consumption of sensor nodes. Low Node Cost:- Reducing node cost is another primary design objective of sensor networks. It is important to reduce the cost of sensor nodes so that the cost of the whole network is reduced. Low Power Consumption:-Power is a major role in any System prospective. Reducing power consumption is the most important objective in the design of a sensor network. Since sensor nodes are powered by battery and it is often very difficult to change their batteries, it is crucial to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes so that the lifetime of the sensor nodes, as well as the whole network is prolonged. Self Healing:-In sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a region of interest without careful planning and engineering. Once deployed, sensor nodes should be able to autonomously organize themselves into a communication network and reconfigure their connectivity in the event of topology changes and node failures. Scalability:-In sensor networks, the number of sensor nodes may be on the order of tens, hundreds, or thousands. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be scalable to different network sizes. Adaptability:-In sensor networks, a node may fail, join, or move. This result changes in node density and network topology. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be adaptive to such density and topology changes. Reliability:-For many sensor network applications, it is required that data be reliably delivered over wireless channels. To meet this requirement, network protocols designed for sensor networks must provide error control and correction mechanisms to ensure reliable data delivery. Fault Tolerance:-Sensor nodes should be fault tolerant and have the abilities of self testing, self calibrating, self -repairing, and self recovering. Security:- Sensor nodes are deployed in a hostile environment and thus are vulnerable to adversaries. In such situations, a sensor network should introduce effective security mechanisms to prevent the data information in the network or a sensor node from unauthorized access or malicious attacks. 5. Research Pappers. A number of major operations on Mobilehealth are being conducting all over the world especially in European countries like Sweden, Germany, Spain, and Netherland. It is used to monitor a limited range of condition in patient outside the hospital by the medical personnel. Germany: Telemonitoring of patients with cardiac arrhythmia. The Netherlands: Integrated homecare for women with high-risk pregnancies, Tele trauma team. Spain: Support of home based healthcare services, Outdoor patient rehabilitation. Sweden: Lighthouse alarm and locator trial, Physical activity and impediments to activity for women with RA, Monitoring the vital parameters in patients with respiratory insuffiency, Homecare and remote consultation for recently released patients in a rural area. [3] http://www.mobihealth.org/ But a number of different issues arose as a result of these trials like handover, operator errors, data rate fluctuation, and the most common issue of power supplies insufficient. There are also some other issues like privacy and security (For instance, will the data that is being transferred remain private or is it secure), control and legal issues (may someone send false information to the network ) regarding BANs. If someone tell it to perform some dangerous function like make a patient warm or overdose, or is this legal to inform someone like companies that are interesting about its work weather he/she has weak heart or having any kind of disease in advanced BANs. Lastly some imported functions are operated and controlled by the computer that can be damage or stop working at any stage and the actuators that regulated the flow of certain chemical in the body stop then who is responsible, so these issues need to be address before BANs applied in the daily life routine.